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Johnatan56
Honorary Master
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Question of the Day: Will your next car be new or pre-owned?
5 month planned outage for Koeberg Unit 2 to begin soon
- Thread starter Bradley Prior
- Start date
Hmmm, sure everything is "estimated" but one cannot just build for structural stability and serviceability on completion alone; knowing how long this can be expected to be provided in the face of deterioration of the material strengths etc with reasonable accuracy is er, quite important. Structural engineers specialising in concrete rehabilitation can estimate the rate of progress of carbonation and hence the reduction of corrosion protection to any reinforcing steel (this may be normal mild steel, high yield strength steel, galvanised or stainless steel whose corrosion resistance properties are relatively well established). The overall thickness of the concrete is only partially relevant, its actual compressive strength and cement content is also critical. the establishment of the depth of carbonation is relatively simple; drill or scabble a hole, apply a reactive dye and the colour change gives the depth of the reduction in corrosion protection.
Believe it or not, some (many) structures are designed with a specific lifespan in mind (based on climatic and loading repetitions etc) and with the maintenance and reconstruction programme built into this. A 100 year life requires unusually high concrete strengths; refer the British Museum construction of a good few years ago now.
Johnatan56
Honorary Master
You need to check your links, cut the end off, those are all broken for the rest of us, you need to remove the tail end of it.Does it really?? Wow you keep saying this like it's fact, where do you even get this 'truth' from? Wind doesn't magically pick up at night, in fact it's pretty consistent, examples UK yesterday grid watch shows that it actually starts to drop around 4pm.
Wacky thing is, so does ours, it's almost like what you said isn't right. Wind dies down during the evening.
View attachment 1228458View attachment 1228460
Is there less wind at night?
Answer (1 of 3): That's actually a decent intuition for one part of what happens at night, although strictly speaking you got the pressure wrong - as a gas cools it gets more dense and initially causes higher pressure, and in any case the pressure isn't as important as the volume effects that rel...www.quora.com
I said when the sun goes down, not when it is night. Sunset in the UK is at 16:31. Power demand also falls off in the evening and falls to its lowest overnight.
Your own blog posts states that wind in coastal areas picks up as temperatures fall, so afternoon, early evening when peak power, late at night wind is consistently low but not gone, in the UK one it's consistently at 7GW the last few days.
Do note again, I never said pure renewable. Running gas peakers a few days a year is not really an issue, and this is all measures until you build up your systems.
I've linked storage mechanisms in the beginning of the thread, forgot to link their latest Louisiana one: https://pv-magazine-usa.com/2021/10...age-tower-developer-notches-a-customer-order/
Turns out the Switzerland project I mentioned there was already online mid 2020 and works fine.
What I am saying is that nuclear makes no sense, costs an insane amount of money, takes a decade to build, meanwhile all these other innovations are basically on track for being implemented commercially everywhere, that the entire grid is moving to demand based.“The LCOS takes into account not only the initial capital expenditure but also the operating, maintenance and replacement cost. Based upon these models, pumped hydro has a LCOS of $0.17/kWh; our Energy Vault solution is below $0.05/kWh.”
Equally, Energy Vault’s system is around 50% cheaper than battery storage technology, in particular lithium-ion batteries, which can have an LCOS of around $0.25/kWh-$0.35/kWh. One of the reasons for this is the cost of battery materials, which is much higher than the cost of concrete provided to Energy Vault by Mexican company Cemex
Another important innovation is the incredibly short ramp rates. A ramp rate is the time taken for a plant’s power output to ramp up or down. The ramp rate for Energy Vault’s gravity storage solution is as little as one millisecond, and the storage system can go from zero to 100% power in no more than 2.9 seconds. Furthermore, the system has round-trip power efficiency, i.e. zero to full power to zero, of 90% efficiency, meaning only 10% energy loss
Tower of power: gravity-based storage evolves beyond pumped hydro - Future Power Technology Magazine | Issue 108 | March 2019
Energy Vault has created a storage system in which a crane sits atop a 33-storey tower, raising and lowering concrete blocks and storing energy in a similar method to hydropower stations. Talal Husseini takes a look at how the process compares to other forms of energy storage go to top All...power.nridigital.com
And wind costs 1:10th of what nuclear does, right now wind is contributing 7GW out of 24GW capacity and currently it's considered bad weather, yet it's 30% CPF today.
As you install more capacity over a larger area, those dips will decrease, and you'd not just have capacity in the UK, you'd transfer over from the rest of Europe as well, and use gas peakers.
And again, demand side management.