I wouldn't call it brute force.
A neural network is just a math function where you know the inputs and outputs, but you're not sure how to get from the one to the other. So you use a large dataset to train your model, which modifies the function in the middle to be able to get from the input you provide to the correct outputs. Then in practice you supply it with new/unknown data, and it applies the function/model and basically guesses at the correct answer, based on your previous training.
There are also types of ML where you don't supply a large amount of training data, making it even less brute force.