Chimerism. Are you your own twin, or your own mother?

DJ...

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Came across this and found it quite interesting. Although probably not the most scientific of sources, it holds up to what I know to be true about chimerism, a subject I find fascinating:

http://io9.com/5911357/theres-a-good-chance-youre-a-human-chimera

Chimerism, the phenomenon of having parts of a body made from a completely different being, is a much more common occurrence than previously thought. Are you a mother? Were you gestated by a mother? I'm betting that at least one of those things is true. Which means an entirely separate person could be part of you right now.
A chimera is the mythological term given to animals that had other animals' parts. A lion with a snake for a tail was a chimera. People all over the world told tales of these fantastical beasts. An equally remarkable story is being told today in medical papers. Humans bear marks of chimerism, too. Although their stolen body parts only come from other humans, the results can be dramatic.

There was a case, not too long ago, when a blood test showed that a woman, and the children she had actually born, were not mother and child. This woman continued to undergo blood tests trying to prove that she was the mother of her own children, even when one such test showed that she was not the mother of the child she had just birthed. Either this woman was undergoing some fairly advanced medical procedures on her own, or something was up. Eventually it was found that this woman had had a fraternal twin. She didn't remember it, because it was while they were both basically blastocysts when that twin had ceased to be. Her twin had been absorbed into her, and the combined tissue created a composite body, despite having different DNA. A tissue sample taken from the woman's thyroid later showed that she was the children's biological mother. It's just that her ovaries belonged to that long-lost twin. Another woman found out that her children weren't carrying her DNA when she needed a kidney transplant and neither was a match. Again, her ovaries were made from different DNA. Both mothers were chimeras.

And it turns out a lot of mothers are chimeras. Not as completely as these women were, but fetal stem cells are tenacious things. They stay in the body of the mother, and have even been shown to slip into that sacred space where we believe that all of human individuality resides; the brain. It's possible that part of every mother's brain literally is that of her child. And if you're a child, it's likely that part of you is your mother. A mother's cells cross the placenta during pregnancy and squat in the liver, bloodstream, thymus gland, and that old sentimental favorite, the heart.

Okay, it isn't eagle wings, but chimerism is all the more strange for not being visible. It's quite likely that, by any genetic measure, you carry around the cells of another human being. You carry them around perpetually, as an indispensable and inseparable part of you. You may be housing another being in your body, and some other human is housing your cells. Something to keep in mind if you ever have your kids' blood tested.

As a bone transplant recipient, I suppose I am an artificial chimera - in fact I see that chimerism is a common term in bone marrow transplants and Recombinant DNA takes advantage of a similar process. The thought that another human being could be a fundamental part of your biological make-up is astounding though and opens up a whole host of philosophical questions too, but I'll wait for the ban-brigade to quieten down before delving down that path...
 

Geriatrix

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What about those other beasties that make up your body? Bacteria and such?
 

DJ...

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What about those other beasties that make up your body? Bacteria and such?

Sure, but the thought of having another person's DNA inside of you to such an extent is truly bizarre and incredible...
 

DJ...

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Here is the story of Lydia Fairchild, the mother referred to in the article - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia_Fairchild

Lydia Fairchild and her children are the subjects of a British documentary called The Twin Inside Me (also known as "I Am My Own Twin").

Lydia Fairchild was pregnant with her third child when she and the father of her children, Jamie Townsend, separated. When Fairchild applied for welfare support in 2002, she was requested to provide DNA evidence that Townsend was the father of her children. While the results showed Townsend was certainly the father of the children, the DNA tests indicated that she was not their mother.
This resulted in Fairchild's being taken to court for fraud for claiming benefit for other people's children or taking part in a surrogacy scam. Hospital records of her prior births were disregarded. Prosecutors called for her two children to be taken into care. As time came for her to give birth to her third child, the judge ordered a witness be present at the birth. This witness was to ensure that blood samples were immediately taken from both the child and Fairchild. Two weeks later, DNA tests indicated that she was not the mother of that child either.

A breakthrough came when a lawyer for the prosecution found an article in the New England Journal of Medicine about a similar case involving a woman called Karen Keegan that had happened in Boston.[2] He realised that Fairchild's case might also be caused by chimerism. Fairchild's prosecutors suggested this possibility to her lawyers, who arranged further testing. As in Keegan's case, DNA samples were taken from members of the extended family. The DNA of Fairchild's children matched that of Fairchild's mother to the extent expected of a grandmother. They also found that, although the DNA in Fairchild's skin and hair did not match her children's, the DNA from a cervical smear test did match. Fairchild was carrying two different sets of DNA, the defining characteristic of a chimera.
 

wayfarer

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I wonder what implications this has for the field of criminology...
 

Geriatrix

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I wonder what implications this has for the field of criminology...
Was thinking this too. There was this one movie with a russian seriel-rapist where the communist party said the rapist's sperm had different DNA than the rest of him because he was a party member. Can't remember it's name.
 

DJ...

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I wonder what implications this has for the field of criminology...

Very little. They've simply not factored this in at all and deal with it on a case by case basis, which makes sense when you realise the insignificantly low number of chimeras known to science. Where the article strays from conventional science is where it concludes that there must be a significantly higher number of chimeras for the reasons they state - well this is based on assumption and extrapolation - no real science yet...
 
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