During this period, Deng Xiaoping's policies continued beyond the initial reforms. Controls on private businesses and government intervention continued to decrease, and there was small-scale privatization of state enterprises which had become unviable.
A notable development was the decentralization of state control, leaving local provincial leaders to experiment with ways to increase economic growth and privatize the state sector.[24] Township and village enterprises, firms nominally owned by local governments but effectively private, began to gain market share at the expense of the state sector.[25] Conservative elder opposition, led by Chen Yun, prevented many major reforms which would have damaged the interests of special interest groups in the government bureaucracy.
[26] Corruption and increased inflation increased discontent, contributing to the
Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 and a conservative backlash after that event which ousted several key reformers and threatened to reverse many of Deng's reforms.
[27] However, Deng stood by his reforms and in 1992, he affirmed the need to continue reforms in his southern tour.
[26] He also reopened the
Shanghai Stock Exchange closed by Mao 40 years earlier.
Although the economy grew quickly during this period,
economic troubles in the inefficient state sector increased. Heavy losses had to be made up by state revenues and acted as a drain upon the economy.[28] Inflation became problematic in 1985, 1988 and 1992.[27] Privatizations began to accelerate after 1992, and the private sector grew as a percentage of GDP. China's government slowly expanded recognition of the private economy, first as a "complement" to the state sector (1988) and then as an "important component" (1999) of the
socialist market economy.
[29]