Residential rooftop solar photovoltaics (PV) systems produce electricity at a cost of 15–22 cents per kWh, while large-scale solar farms do it for 3–4 cents and even mid-scale “community solar” costs 6–9 cents. So why is about 40% of California’s solar capacity on rooftops? Because the state’s Net Energy Metering (NEM) policy creates massive subsidies for residential PV, which don’t exist for larger solar or wind power generation. Those subsidies are the issue in California’s current NEM proceeding at the California Public Utilities Commission. California residential customers pay among the highest retail electricity rates in the country, about twice the price in any other western state. Over half of California rates go to paying for fixed costs, including system costs and state programs like grid infrastructure and hardening in response to climate change, growing costs of vegetation management, early investments in new renewable energy sources, and subsidies for low income customers, rooftop solar, and electric vehicle (EV) charging stations. These costs don’t decline when a solar customer buys less electricity from the grid or gets paid the retail rate for injecting power into the grid.