Shoeing, throwing shoes, showing the sole of one's shoe or using shoes to insult are forms of protest primarily associated with the Arab world.[1][2] Explanations vary; The Times of India wrote that Arab societies have cultural prejudices against the foot because it is the lowest part of the body[3]; whereas Matthew Cassel of The Electronic Intifada questioned whether it is an Arab cultural phenomenon at all.[4] Posters of George W. Bush's face have long appeared through the Middle East with shoes attached to them, and Secretary of State Condoleeza Rice is known as Kundara, meaning "shoe".[2] Shoeing received recent attention after Muntadhar al-Zaidi threw his shoes at U.S. President George Bush in a December 2008 press conference in Baghdad, Iraq