Overall, the results support the intuition that the social model of democracy is not undergoing a major legitimacy crisis in Europe, or at least not one that cannot be mitigated by further advancing the institutions of the welfare state. In line with this claim, it could be interpreted that the quite widespread public discontent with social service delivery that many European countries, and especially those in Southern Europe, witnessed at the onset of the financial crisis was more a consequence of (poorly universalistic) welfare state institutions rather than of rising public aspirations, that is, excessive public demands that cannot be fulfilled by the system. Therefore, the alleged legitimacy crisis of social democracy affecting many countries in Europe may be overcome with more universal welfare policies.
However, this optimistic conclusion should be taken with caution. First, the results have warned us that if the inequality gap continues to grow in European societies, welfare institutions will have a much harder time in alleviating the citizens’ negative perceptions of social democracy. Second, it has also been seen that not all social categories are affected equally by welfare state institutions, but some of them remain quite critical even under conditions of high universalism. This is the case of women and left-wing voters, who are traditionally among the strongest supporters of the social-democratic model. If social-democratic institutions do not manage to satisfy these social groups, then there could be reasons for concern about the future of social democracy in Europe.