Gum or patches don't imply low level nicotine use. Someone who has stopped smoking can continue to consume large quantities of nicotine.
Cigarettes have an average of 12mg (between 8-20mg depending on brand) of Nicotine per cigarette. Your nicotine patches give out 15mg per day which is about the equivalent of 1 cigarette a day (and this is also for the first 4 weeks) thereafter the users switch to a lower patch which only gives about 5mg per day of Nicotine. Also your Nicotine gum only give on average about 2-4mg per gum of nicotine so as you can see the alternatives are a lot less and will be detected on a cotinine test as a lot lower
If it did imply low level nicotine use then so would vaping.
If you are vaping with non Nicotine liquids you are not going to detect nicotine at all therefore it will not be detected in the test but if you are vaping with Nicotine based liquids then it will be detected and as the chart shows below some of the nicotine based vapes are high in nicotine
It delivers nicotine faster than gum, but far slower than smoking. That's the reason some smokers don't take to vaping. There is also a difference in the form of nicotine delivered. But they can definitely detect significant cotinine in regular users of the non-smoking methods of consuming nicotine. They'd have to look at other signs the person was actually smoking it.
I am not sure what you are getting at here? what other non smoking methods of consuming nicotine are you meaning?
The insurance company could not be bothered how the nicotine is being distributed into your body, to them you having Nicotine in your body poses a risk to their insurance risk profile of you and therefore they want to cover for that extra risk.
I do agree with you that the Insurance companies are not doing this for a welfare basis but purely monetary and risk cover for their own companies and in my opinion it won't be long before they band all vapors and e-cigarettes into the "naughty" basket with smokers, whether you are smoking nicotine or not - why? because they make extra money out of it.