I'm unsure which part of my reply you're responding to, but again, If the static page structure (class names, etc) is identical to what you are telling wordpress to produce then your page should display identically.
Which are awesome as you can easily customize a heck of a lot using them.
Probably not.
The file structure is simple enough.
This image:
https://codex.wordpress.org/images/thumb/1/18/Template_Hierarchy.png/750px-Template_Hierarchy.png
and this page:
https://developer.wordpress.org/themes/basics/template-hierarchy/
Should be all you need.
Basically, if you're looking at a single blog post page then open that image and start on the left.
Find "Single page" and you now have 2 options linked off that, "Single Post Page" and "Static Page". Since it's a standard blog post we choose the "Single post page block" and from that there are 3 options "Attachment Post", "Custom Post" and "Blog Post".
Choose "Blog Post" as it's neither of the other 2. Now you have "single-post.php" This is the first file that wordpress will look to to use to display the blog post. If you have this file, it will be used, if not then carry on in the picture and the next line is "single.php". If you have this file in your theme directory it will be used else carry on and you end up at index.php.
For something like a listing of all posts in the "Sports" category you'd look at "Archive Page" (from the left) and then "Category Archive" and from here you can see it will first look for a "category-$slug.php file (slug is created when you create your category, in this case it would be 'sports', so wordpress will look for a 'category-sports.php' file. If it can't find that it will look for 'category-$id.php'. If sports category id is 5 then the file would be 'category-5.php' if it can't find that it will look for category.php and failing that - index.php.
How does this help?
Say you have a category sports, one weather and one science. You can control the layout for all three using 'category.php'. But now say you want to customise the sports category and add a sidebar then instead of having "if($sports_catgeory)" in category.php you create a category-sports.php file and have the sidebar in that.
What you may also be seeing is lots of includes of other files.
This is good as it uses DRY code, you'll often see many files referring to /partials/post-loop.php and in there will be the layout for a single post. This may get used by category.php, front-page.php, tag.php, but with a different query condition. It keeps everythign "neat".
Wordpress is pretty powerful once you get into it.