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Comparisons of network development relative to levels of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita do not map directly to these approaches. Nevertheless, key accelerants and retardants are apparent. Competition is clearly important, with much more progress made in competitive mobile markets than in monopoly fixed line markets. Monopoly fixed markets also retard the development of the Internet and repress subscriber growth (e.g. South Africa and, to a lesser extent, Russia). The delayed introduction of fixed network competition in South Africa and Russia has hampered network development and the ability to achieve economic and social development goals. The separation of regulatory authorities from regulated service providers is also important, with the BRICS case studies making apparent the importance of complementing this with genuine operational separation – South Africa’s failure to separate regulation from ministerial veto and Russia’s difficulties in establishing explicit and functional mechanisms being cases in point.