Let's focus on pure analogue video transmission over a distance of 1km.
www.eaglecctv.co.za sells a Twisted Pair Video Converter Kit Model E-TPT-BNC/E-TPR-BNC. The transmitter converts the analogue signal to digital, transmits it over 1km to the receiver which converts it back to analogue. To cover a block of houses 1km in length(four streets) would need around 14 cameras and 200m Infra-red Led modules. The details on the leds are posted elsewhere in another thread I started. All these analogue signals are brought back to a central control room with four
www.zoneminder.com PC's. Each PC has a 4-port KMC-4400R Kodicom capture card - details on Zoneminder's wiki.
www.anko-tech.com asks $50 per KMC-4400r card. It has four BT878 chips and works under Linux and Windows. The pico card is only $12/card and connects four cameras unto one BT878 chip, providing a frame rate of 2/s.
Manual on setting up a DSLAM: Subnetting, NAT, QOS:
http://www.versatek.com/products/manuals/vx1000-UseGuide-v11.pdf
The Adsl2+ Dslam can stream 24meg on a single port, or 24cameras images (Mpeg-4) can be streamed per port.
Thus every person with an Adsl modem can access all the camera streams centralised at the Zoneminder PC's - creating
situational awareness. You simply can't do this with a Linksys WRT54g AP. By daisy-chaining Dslams cheap copper can be used to extend the streams instead of using Fiber - it depends on various factors.
The larger the CCD sensor the better the spectral response or the better image resolution is achieved. 1/2'' CCD coupled with an Infra-red laser can detect motion at 800m. 1/3'' provides a good trade-off between cost and performance. 1/4'', 1/3'' and 1/2'' are sizes used for nightvision. The lux value must be at least 0.01lux for long distance vision.
http://www.expandore.com/product/Sony/Colour Block Camera/XC_ST50.htm
http://www.alarms-r-us.com/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=45483
Alarms-r-us sells the
http://www.wateccameras.net CCD camera. Watec cameras are used in Astronomy.
WAT-902h2 lux -> 0.0001, WAT-525ex lux -> 0.003
South African distributo of Watec
Scientific Alert , 011 476 5718, [ 0.0003 Lux camera R2440] , [0.08 lux R570,00]
Nightvision for CCD are usually done in the 820-880nm spectrum. A cluster of high power
www.roithner-laser.com diodes(820nm) will glow like red dragon eyes which are not allowed besides the road since it will look a red robot. For street surveillance 940nm must be used which is completely invisable to the human eye. The diodes are more expensive and the spectral response of the CCD must sensitive in the 940nm region. To prevent headlights from blinding the camera a IR filter lens is attached or a peak white inversion camera is used. Discriminating between a human walking down the street and a car driving past is possible. See
www.zoneminder.com wiki for details on this.
www.baxall.com sells a camera with an A/D converter on every pixel of the CCD sensor. The camera is usually used to attenuate sharp light overloading the CCD sensor.
http://www.reditron.co.za will be able to provide more info on the Baxall range.
www.axis.com ethernet camera's CCD sensor are not suitable for nightvision applications. A high end mini-itx connected to a KMC-4400r or Pico capture card should be used and the mini-itx ethernet port connected to the network.
http://ffmpeg.mplayerhq.hu are used by Zoneminder to stream Jpeg images over the network. In this way
an Axis ethernet camera functionality is simulated. For a high current(2A, 12v) long range IR camera like the E-558(eaglecctv) use a standard PC power supply. Bridge the Green and Black contacts on the ATX connector to power it up.
Twisted pair
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twisted_pair cable is 40c/m. Camera 1/2'' CCD and lens +-R2000, Leds +-
R2000 ,KMC-4400r datacapture card R380.
Assuming 44 houses boxed in between four roads on a 1km distance.
The whole project will cost: +- R100 000.
R100 000/44 = R2272/house.
A combination of trenching, telephone poles, Horizontal directional
drilling HDD and Underground Piercing Tools will have to be used. Having to digitise the video signal at the source will be cost prohibitive.
By adding 44 few extra strands of twisted pair the houses connects their Adsl modems to the Dslam - linked to the secret Telkom uplink
Four adajcent Dslams in close proximity (30m from each other) can be bridged under the road using fiber creating a network of 176 houses. These 176 can now bridged using 5.8ghz parabolic to the adjacent cluster of 176 houses. Combining Dslams with 5.8ghz parabolics a formidable negotiating powerblock can formed against Telkom.
Now go to council and make a proposal, and frame the whole thing in terms of community CCTV. Establishing a council/community partnership and taking out a lone.The R100000 could be repaid in two years if everybody signs a debit order between R110-R150. We should have a national emergency Marshall plan where government, council, communities and IT people come together and import camera's, Kodicom datacapture cards and motherboards in a massive nationwide effort to turn the tide against crime.
The exact same twisted pair used for the analogue cameras can be used for connecting Adsl modems to the Dslam. Thus CCTV is a wonderful ruse to use as a means of secretly sneaking in a stable Telkom Diginet line.
DC-drive Zoom lenses must be used on all the cameras. RS-485 on a single twisted pair controls all the zoom lenses from the central location. Install PIR, Infrared beams and electromagnetic detectors for vehicles at the street entrences. As a person walking enters a street the PIR,beams will alert the base enabling the zoom lens to focus in on him from over 200m in pitch black darkness using the low lux Watec cameras and Roithner Leds. The idea is to have the zoom lense cycle through it's range and scan for motion for set periods. Combining PIR, beams and vehicle detectors with motion detection secures a street more than just motion detection alone. Watec doesn't have an inbuilt Infrared filter lens. Attach a small steppermotor, Atmel controler chip, ambient light detector to automatically position the filter infront of the lens so that vehicle headlights can be filtered out.
Every 100m an Infra-red perimeter beam should be placed. See
http://www.inhep.co.za Ideally an Electromagnetic vehicle detector should also be placed every 100m to discriminate between a human and vehicle. Doppler radar and laser speed detection devices determines the speed of a vehicle driving down a street. Should a vehicle have a radar jamming device, manual verification will be done by the operator. Attach a RFID tag to each street resident's vehicle so that the operator can only focus on vehicles of interest. A RFID vehicle tag reader is installed at the entrances and exits of the street. It is the same sort of thing used by Tollgates to allow cars to pay without stopping.
Slice the street into multiple zones
Three cameras should be trained down the length of the street. One to monitor only the tar road and the other two to monitor the pavements. Motion detection works best the narrower the zone is to be monitored. Multiple cameras can be spanned adjacent to each other, thus slicing up the road into as many sections as desired. Plant two poles on the pavement and suspend the camers at a certain height across the road. It is critical that nobody's privacy is invaded with such a setup, with each resident able to see each camera output this will be ensured.
Missile tracking technology
In the academic journals of computer science and Image processing research on object tracking have been published. The technology is so advanced that
a single camera can track multiple objects. So for instance a human not keeping his course strait down the road will trigger an alert. If only the government would spend a few million to om C++ programmers and mathematicians to incorporate this technology into the opensource Zoneminder platform...sigh...
CSIR has a Neural Network system that can discern between a human and animal. Motion detected images can be further processed using AI and
Neural Nets as described in the Journals. The trick is in convincing the public and the ANC to cooperate and employ fulltime image processing software
engineers to incorporate all this into open source software.
Protecting the CCTV camera against sabotage
PIR detectors are protected from having the heat sensing unit spray painted with black paint by
using a short range Ultra-Sonic detector to detect any attempt as masking the PIR. It is known in the
trade as PIR anti-masking. Clamp such an Ultra-Sonic detector against the camera to determine if a thief
spray paints the camera. This is especially useful if the camera is not in motion detection mode.
