No, triangulation works on other know variables, and requires multiple towers to be in range.
Variables like current signal strength, max signal strength, Tower range, weather conditions, etc. Which effect signal quality, that's why tower triangulation on a good day is accurate to 500m, but normally its 2 to 3km.
That's is why they are used with AGPS, basically the tower gives an area of where the phone is most likely in and the phone uses its list of known satellites to determine which ones are most likely to be above to determine which to focus on for connection.
Finding a tower with a phone will be tricky as not all towers are towers, erecting towers is expensive, so often they just put up booster sites, sometime at houses when client complain about poor signal, they put it at your house and it boosts the link between you and a tower nd benefits your neighbours too.