Very long posting to follow: Please just skip it if you want ...
1. Headlights as safety feature http://www.openroad.com.au/motoring_roadsafety_headlightssafefeature.asp
Daylight savers
Your headlights can save your life, even in broad daylight.
Turning your headlights on during the day may save your life. Even on sunny days, unlit vehicles can be difficult to see at times. NRMA research has found that more than half of all collisions in daylight are due, in part, to one road user failing to see the other road user in time to avoid a collision. In fact, failure to see other road users early enough is a contributing factor in four out of five daytime intersection accidents.
However, it's important that you use the right lights and use them correctly. Fog or parking lights, for instance, are of little benefit during the day, and high beam headlights can dazzle and irritate oncoming traffic. Low beam headlights are the best available option until specially designed 'Daytime Running Lights' become more widely available and accepted in Australia.
Daytime Running Lights or DRLs are in use in Europe and North America. DRLs are more visible in daylight than standard low beam headlights and are more energy efficient. They are permitted in Australia under the Australian Design Rules for Road Vehicles (ADRs) but are not yet readily available.
It is estimated that well-designed DRLs could prevent a quarter of all fatal daytime collisions and more than a quarter of fatal daytime pedestrian accidents. Cyclists and motorcyclists would also benefit from being better able to see approaching vehicles.
What are daytime running lights?
Daytime Running Lights (DRLs) are bright white forward-facing lights designed to increase the visibility of vehicles. They are common in Europe and North America.
Overseas studies have shown that DRLs reduce daytime accidents by making vehicles more conspicuous to other road users. The greatest benefits are with more severe accidents, including head-on and intersection crashes, and collisions with pedestrians and cyclists.
Other important benefits of DRLs reported in the studies are:
Improved driver reaction times and estimation of speed and distance.
DRLs make vehicles appear closer, which makes drivers less likely to launch into hazardous manoeuvres.
The positive effects produced by DRLs do not dissipate over time.
The only negatives are that DRLs incur a small additional cost to install in a new car, estimated at less than $50 per new car, and they cause a small increase in fuel consumption (estimated at 0.5%).
2. Cost http://auto.howstuffworks.com/fuel-efficiency/fuel-economy/drl-gas-consumption.htm/printable
To figure out how much extra gasoline the United States would use if all 244 million cars on its roads were equipped with mandatory DRLs, we'll have to make a few assumptions [source: DOT]. First, we'll assume that DRLs would average out at about 90 watts total -- roughly between the low and the high wattage capabilities, and that the fuel penalty therefore would probably be mid-range as well: about 1 percent. With the help of a graph provided by the Federal Highway Administration, we can see that of the 7 billion miles (11.3 billion kilometers) Americans drive every day, approximately 70 percent of those are driven during daylight hours, which equals about 4.9 billion miles (7.9 billion kilometers) driven during the time when DRLs would be in use. [source: EIA, DOT].
Since the average consumer car in the United States gets about 20.3 miles (32.6 kilometers) per gallon, that means Americans currently use about 241.4 million gallons of gas for driving during daylight hours. To get that number, we divided the number of miles driven throughout the day by the average car's fuel efficiency (4.9 billion miles divided by 20.3 mpg) [source: DOT]. Now, when we factor in the 1 percent reduction in fuel efficiency, that usage increases to 243.9 million gallons -- a difference of more than 2 million gallons.
At current U.S. prices ($3.81 per gallon as of August 2008), that would be a total of more than $7.62 million every day [source: EIA]. Of course, when you divide that by the number of cars on the road, it's not even a penny per car. So if you want to contest the purpose of a DRL law, you're going to need more up your sleeve than fuel consumption.
3. My personal opinion with regards to cost and carbon
We would save a lot more of the environment by making sure our tyres are inflated to the proper pressure than driving with DRL.