The tales you tell of your CEO reminds of one that I use to work for, who I took to calling the Little Tyrant. Because he was short, and a tyrant. Wonder if it is the same guy.
So, a few points to think about. How long had it been since you interacted with the recruiter? Had you ever interacted with the recruiter from the perspective of hiring someone for the company? In other words, was the recruiter ever sending you CVs directly?
I find it hard it to believe that a recruiter would make a mistake like that. They know they have to be careful, because salary information is confidential. Imagine if you had not resigned - you would now be looking, knowing that you are underpaid.
Your CEO could easily have said, please include Nerfherder when you email. No need to explain why - you could be the hiring manager for all you know. Heck, the CEO may even want your approval on this new candidate (which actually is a sign of respect). It may be that the mistake was including salary information on the CV, not emailing it to you.
Maybe just ask your CEO if he would like you to review the CV. If he says yes, I would like your thoughts on this candidate, then you know why you were included. If not, he will tell you it was a "mistake".