SNR is reported differently by different devices. Sometimes it is SNR (over some predetermined base) usually it is SNR Margin over current connection speed. My line attenuation is 47.0 db and my SNR margin is 13.1 db (I believe this number represents the margin over the requirements for my 4096 kbps downlink as reported by Netgear DGN-2000). ADSL infrastructure connection is perfectly stable on this line, at all times including huge storms during during rush hour.
Attenuation increases as distince from the exchange increases, to over simplify, it represents your distance from the exchange. Lower = better.
SNR can be thought of as signal quality. Determined by how much interferance (noise) there is on the line. SNR is all important
The higher the attenuation, the more chance there is of noise being introduced to the line along the way. (because the way is longer) (also signal is naturally decays over longer distances)
Your attenuation of 45 is not too high for 4096 kbps. My attenuation is higher than yours and mine works perfectly
My other D-Link router claims my line is theoretically capable of 7000 kbps. (of course opperating at the max theoretical speed means a re-sync each time a car drives past or a breeze picks up)
I had the issue where Telkom told me 4096 was not availalble at my address, it took 3 months and roughly 20 hours of telephone calls/e-mail typing to get my line changed to 4096. It worked perfectly with a SNR margin of 15 db over 4096, for 3 months. Then Telkom techs did something and SNR margin dropped to 2-3 db over 4096. Contant sync issues for 2 months. Got Telkom techs out and they did something (Changed the termination points at the local box and the exchange or somthing, who knows, they didn't explain it very well). Haven't had a sync issue in 6 months.
If your SNR is a margin of 7 over whatever you are syncing at right now, then expect sync issues during storms but your line should sync most of the time. If you are syncing at 512 now and want to go faster, then you will need Telkom to fix whatever issues are introducing noise on your line. You have too much noise, caused by, imperfect joins, water, EM interference, trees all sorts of things. Check where your streetside box is and see how your line is routed to this box. See if you could route it more efficiently. (assuming you are not on a radio link)
Just read your last comment. Remember to differentiate between an ADSL data connection and an ADSL infrustructure connection. If the line syncs and the ADSL light on your router comes on, you have a working ADSL infrastructure connection on your Telkom line, your line is syncing (working as an ADSL compliant link). Telkom has done their part. Only once your line has synced can you try to use the ADSL line to connect to an ISP who will provide you with a data service (internet connection).