One-fifth of 15-year-olds in South Africa were HIV-positive
The HIV and Aids pandemic complicates the picture and a candid talk with a group of 15-year-olds turned up the information that they all knew girls who were routinely engaging in oral sex - both because they believed it was safer, and because they didn't consider it "actual sex".
"Sex is sex" is, however, the adamant response from Carol Bower, executive director of Resources Aimed at the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect (Rapcan), who says teenagers are making the decision to have sex for three reasons only - peer pressure, because they're curious, or because they want to keep a boyfriend (in the case of girls).
There is another, vital level to the teen sex debate too, according to loveLife chief executive officer Dr David Harrison, who points out that it is these youngsters who hold the key to turning around South Africa's HIV pandemic.
He said that "real opportunity" rested in the fact that less than one-fifth of 15-year-olds in South Africa were HIV-positive.
"If they were to grow up largely uninfected, the overall incidence of HIV would be halved by 2010, and prevalence would steadily decline over the next 15 years," Harrison said.
He listed six "big drivers to early sex in South Africa":
Peer pressure
Coercion
Sex for money
Low self-esteem
Pessimism
Lack of communication by parents
The most up-to-date research on the issue of teen sex in Cape Town, by Professor Alan Flisher, head of the University of Cape Town's department of psychiatry and mental health, prompted calls for intervention programmes to start in primary school, in the light of results that showed that by 14, nearly 24% of boys and 5.5% of girls had had sex.
By 19, the 2003 research found, the proportions went up to 72% for boys and 58% for girls.
The pupils canvassed were in Grades 8 and 11, from 39 high schools, and researchers found between these grades a sharp increase in the number of pupils having sex.
"For each grade, a significantly higher proportion of males had experienced sexual intercourse," they said at that time.
A total of 23.4% reported having had sex by 14. The figure jumped to 34.5% by age 15, to 45.9% by 16, 53.7% at 17, 58.3% by 18 and nearly 70% by the age of 20.
Among girls, Flisher's research showed a significant increase in sexual activity between the ages of 14 and 15.
At 14, 5.5% of girls said they had had sex. Just a year older, that figure was up to 14%. By 18, just under half the girls had had sex.
South African teens who believe oral sex is safer are not alone either; a study from the United States released earlier this month found that one in five US teenagers said they had engaged in oral sex.
The survey of 580 children with an average age of 14 found that 20% said they had engaged in oral sex, compared to 14% who said that they had had sexual intercourse. In addition, one-third of the 14-year-olds said they intended to have oral sex within the next six months, and nearly a quarter planned to have intercourse during the same period.
While the risk of transmitting infections, including HIV, is significantly less with oral sex than with intercourse, there are suspected cases.
Scientists have also documented several other sexually transmitted diseases that have been transmitted through oral sex, including herpes, syphilis, gonorrhea, genital warts, intestinal parasites and Hepatitis A.
Back in South Africa, Bower drew attention to a much deeper debate around first-time sexual experience for local youngsters.
She said that in the African context, girls who postponed sex stayed at school longer, attained higher levels of education, and generally escaped the teenage pregnancy scenario and went on to tertiary education.
"You can't stop teenagers from experimenting - though I'm not saying for a minute that sex is what they should be doing - but there is a pervasive atmosphere of sexuality in South Africa.
"And a lot of the time girls start having sex because it is important
for them to have a boyfriend. It's so much part of their self-image and status that they'll make a lot of compromises around starting sexual activity," she said.