They're at different layers.
In theory, you can do VLANs over ADSL, if the other end of it supports and expects it.
Take a look at the OSI levels for more info on the layers. In fiber networks, usually there are VLANs that happen at the background that each provider, but it be invisible to you.
In short:
Links dont care.
Devices need to support it.
Your link has a finite capacity; so QOS for would happen at your router and on your LAN to make sure that the combination of services utilising the link can't saturate it or allow certain traffic classes to override others.
That said, there is link based QOS - in terms of COS (class of traffic) on larger networks as well as dedicated VLAN capacity to allow the link vendor to manage QOS. eg. on our FTTB we always carve out separate capacity to carry VoIP.