Two different images are broadcast - simultaneously, one for each eye. The image for each eye is broadcast with a certain polarisation - red and green. Then the 3D glasses depolarise the images based on the colour of the lens. This ensures that each eye is getting a different image. The brain puts together these 2 different images, which gives you the perception of depth. That's why the TV needs to have a refresh rate of at least 60hz. 30hz (about 30fps) for each eye. Regular TVs have a refresh rate closer to 30hz, and if you had to broadcast 2 different image streams for each eye, you would effectively be seeing the image at 15fps, which would be really sucky.
Or something to that effect. Check Wikipedia for the exact technical explanation.