AMD had to do that with constantly diminishing resources. Low budget = poor R&D = poor product = low sales = low budget and so the cycle continues. The release of Conroe on the desktop was supposedly the death-knell for AMD, and K10 was hardly an improvement over K8 - this at a time where they'd just recently spend billions acquiring ATi.
Intel doesn't have that problem, as desktop CPUs don't account for nearly 100% of their revenue as it did for AMD back then.
AMD had desktop CPUs, server CPUs, a few embedded options, and that's about it (with Radeon GPUs coming shortly after after the release of Conroe and Allandale), yet with those extremely limited revenue streams (as well as being against anti-competitive behavour from Intel) managed to get where they are today. Even when they had a superior product (they entire Netburst era) they had next to no market-share because of anti-competitive behaviour, so the size of their uphill battle is arguably the largest to be won in the industry to date.
Intel's biggest problem right now is themselves - prior to Raptor Lake issues and the Arrow Lake dumpster fire, what issues did they have? Very stiff competition on the high-end gaming front from 5800X3D / 7800X3D, but that's about it really? They're not in a situation where they have the vastly superior product but a slim fraction of the market. Imagine a 14901KE with 3D-stacked cache. I would imagine it would curb-stomp the 9800X3D. There's little stopping them from releasing such a product, but they're aiming for the NEXT generation, not improving on a previous generation.
Apple will never be a large threat to Intel for multiple reasons:
- Apple will never allow SIs/OEMs to build Apple-powered laptops and PCs
- Apple is almost impossible to maintain outside of its life-cycle - try buying a new motherboard for a 10 year old Apple, vs on the PC side it's quite easy
- Apple will never have the equivalent of a $ 400 laptop or desktop
We will ignore x86-instructions as you can get around that with virtualization, but a problem for all ARM/RISC-based processors is the focus on power efficiency rather than raw power. RISC has a long way to go in proving itself a viable alternative for the x86 market, and Intel absolutely CAN recover in that time.
One last thing - you seem to think that Gelsinger is (was) the man for Intel. Keep in mind the following:
- Alder / Raptop Lake were released during his tenure, but development did not start under him
- Arrow Lake development and release were under him
- The handling of the Raptor Lake situation was under him
- 15,000+ jobs were cut
- Intel stock value dropped by 50%
I would say Otellini or even Barret would be the right type of person. Intel's blunders under Gelsinger are possibly second largest to only to Swan turning down the opportunity to invest in OpenAI (a company that now has a larger marketcap than Intel). Overall, maybe second to Krzanich - who also saw more than 10,000 job cuts and Intel losing their spot as dominant chip-maker (both by revenue and technological lead) under him.
You could argue that he was handed a company in pretty rough shape to being with and that he could've done a better job given more time, but I would argue that the way he handled Intel's tough situations over the last year would indicate that time wasn't the problem.